Tamanic
Geographic
distribution		West Kalimantan
Linguistic classificationAustronesian
Subdivisions
Glottologtama1334

The Tamanic languages are a small group of languages of Kapuas Hulu Regency, West Kalimantan:

The Tamanic languages are not closely related to other languages on Borneo. Instead, they belong to the South Sulawesi languages, most probably in one branch together with Buginese.[1][2][3]

Sound changes

Here is a list of sound changes from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian into various Tamanic languages.[1]

Consonants

  • Phonemic mergers:
    • *D merges into d.
    • *j merges into s, but merges into d following *n.
    • *h, *q merge into ∅, however, in word-final positions their outcomes still differ.
    • *z merges into d.
  • Lenition in intervocalic positions:
    • *-b- > -w- (sometimes deletes).
    • *-d- > -r- (original *D and *z are also affected).
    • *-ŋ-, *-k- > -∅- in Taman (*takut > ataut).
    • When geminated or following a nasal consonant, the original phonemes remain.
  • *l is assimilated to r before r in the same or following syllable (*ulaR > urar "snake").
    • In Taman, *r is further dissimilated to n after *r (urar : uran).
  • Development of final glottal stop (-ʔ) of mostly unexplained origin.
    • *-q > -ʔ, but *-h > *-∅
    • Other occurrences are hypothesized from an original Proto-Malayo-Polynesian phoneme -ʔ.

Vowels

  • *aya, aV > *a: (qi Daya > Embaloh ira:)
    • In Taman, it is sometimes reflected as ɛ: (Malay lain > lɛ:n).
  • *u is dissimilated to i before *u in the following syllable (*tumpul > timpul "blunt").
  • *ay, *ey and *aw, *ew are monophthongized into e and o, respectively.

West Kalimantan groups

Some Tamanic-speaking Dayak ethnic subgroups and their respective languages in West Kalimantan province, Indonesia:[4][5]

GroupLanguageRegency
KalisKalisKapuas Hulu
Lau'Lau'Kapuas Hulu
TamambaloTamambaloKapuas Hulu
TamanTamanKapuas Hulu

References

  1. 1 2 K. A. Adelaar. 1994. The classification of the Tamanic languages. In Tom Dutton and Darrell T. Tryon (eds.), Language contact and change in the Austronesian world, 1-42. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
  2. ↑ K. Alexander Adelaar and Nikolaus Himmelmann. 2005. The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar. London: Routledge.
  3. ↑ Smith, Alexander D. (2017). "The Western Malayo-Polynesian Problem". Oceanic Linguistics. 56 (2): 435–490. doi:10.1353/ol.2017.0021. S2CID 149377092.
  4. ↑ Bamba, John (ed.) (2008). Mozaik Dayak keberagaman subsuku dan bahasa Dayak di Kalimantan Barat. Pontianak: Institut Dayakologi. ISBN 978-979-97788-5-7.
  5. ↑ Istiyani, Chatarina Pancer (2008). Memahami peta keberagaman subsuku dan bahasa Dayak di Kalimantan Barat. Institut Dayakologi.


This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.